Siting and area considerations
The location of the composting facility is a very important factor in a successful compost operation. To minimize material handling, the composting facility should be located as close as possible to the source of organic waste. If land application is the preferred method of utilization, the facility should also be located with convenient access to the land application sites. Several other important considerations when locating a compost facility are discussed below. i Wind direction Improperly...
Converting Tractor Power Ratings
Manufactures can use anyone of the four power ratings to advertise their tractors. When manufactures use engine or brake power to rate a tractor they are not providing any useful information because the useable power will be less than that. When the tractor is rated by engine or brake power, the PTO power will be less because of the losses in the power train. The drawbar power will be less because there are additional losses in the transmission and drive train and a tractor is not able to apply...
Sludge Stabilization
Once the sludge is thickened, two options are available for further treatment of the concentrated sludge. It can be dewatered to a solid content of between 30-40 or it can undergo stabilization processes to reduce the organic materials in the sludge before going to the dewatering step. Coarse primary solids and secondary sludge (sometimes called biosolids) accumulated in a wastewater treatment process must be treated before disposal to ensure environmentally responsible and lawful outcome....
Mang Tillers
Weighing 503 pounds, the Mang Model 95 tiller is designed for heavy-duty tilling jobs encountered by landscapers aud nurserymen. The overall width is 26 inches, but it only tills 15 inches at one time. The smaller, 380-pound Mang junior has a tiller cutter width of 21 inches and is powered by a 7 h.p. gasoline engine. With both models, the strain and shock of the toughest tilling are distributed among the eight sprockets and the heavy-duty roller chain. The manufacturer reports that this...
Land Market Mechanisms and the Rural Poor
The main barrier to increased land ownership on the part of the rural poor is imperfections in financial markets, i.e. lack of mortgage finance. A barrier to their retaining the land is the lack of adequate mechanisms for insuring against risk. Associated with the financing problem there is another barrier in the form of the price of land. It has been pointed out by Binswanger et al. (1995, pp. 2710-2711) that the price of land is always greater than its expected returns (in the form of a...
Stabilization Ponds
One of the ancient wastewater treatment technologies, the stabilization pond also referred to as a lagoon , has been used continuously as a method of sewage disposal. In some cases, these ponds were also utilized for aquaculture. Stabilization ponds are used for both municipal waste-water treatment and industrial wastewater treatment, particularly for wastewaters from small communities and seasonal industrial wastewaters as well as less affluent communities throughout the world Fig. 6.1 ....
The Colorimetric Test for Organic Impurities
The colorimetric test is a reliable indicator of the presence of harmful organic matter except in areas where there are deposits of lignite. To make this test, an ordinary 12-oz. prescription bottle is filled to the 4 -oz. mark with a sample of the sand. To this is added a 3 per cent solution of caustic soda1 (sodium hydroxide) until the 7-oz. mark is reached. The contents are thoroughly shaken and then allowed to stand for 24 hr. At the end of this time the color of the liquid will indicate...
Case study 2 the Namoi River
The Namoi River catchment lies in north-east-central NSW and covers approximately 42,000 km2, as shown in Fig. 15.3. The river flows 350 km from east to west and there are three major storages on the main stem and its tributaries Keepit, Chaffey and Split Rock dams. The catchment includes part of the Liverpool Plains that has been subject to long-term investigations of fertilizer and agrochemical pollution of groundwater. Rain generally occurs in summer but is highly variable between years and...
Replicated sampling
NASS's area frames have been sampled using a replicated design since 1974. Replicated sampling is characterized by the selection of a number of independent subsamples or replicates from the same population using the same selection procedure for each replicate. Each replicate is therefore an unbiased representation of the population. A replicate for NASS's area frame sample design is a random sample of land areas (segments) selected within a land-use stratum. The sub-stratification within each...
Managing coherence
Coherence of statistical data includes coherence between different data items pertaining to the same point in time, coherence between the same data items for different points in time, and international coherence. Three complementary approaches are used for managing coherence in Statistics Canada. The first approach to the first element is the development and use of standard frameworks, concepts, variables and classifications for all the subject-matter topics that are measured. This aims to...
Managing timeliness
The desired timeliness of information derives from considerations of relevance - for what period does the information remain useful for its main purposes The answer to this question varies with the rate of change of the phenomena being measured, with the frequency of measurement, and with how quickly users must respond using the latest data. Specific types of agriculture data require different levels of timeliness. Data on crop area, stocks and production, for example, must be available soon...
Assuring quality
Measuring quality, however difficult it might be in specific cases, is only a lower level of quality ambition. Setting and meeting quality goals are, both from the user's and the producer's perspective, a higher ambition. The term 'quality assurance' is often used for the process of ensuring that quality goals are consistently met. 16.3.1 Quality assurance as an agency undertaking Traditionally, we tend to think of quality as a property of a single variable. We measure this quality and try to...
Jonathan H Williams
The generally accepted model for the management of mycotoxins is regulation and the institutions usually identified as having a stake in mycotoxin contamination represent either producers suppliers or regulators consumers at both the global and the national levels. Stakeholders also service the need for analysis and enforcement of the regulations in trade. Consumers, although paying more, are passive stakeholders. The regulatory approach is effective for developed country food systems, but is...
Agriculture statistics a centralized approach
The production and dissemination of national and provincial estimates on the agriculture sector is part of Statistics Canada's mandate. The statistical agency carries out monthly, quarterly, annual and or seasonal data collection activities related to crop and livestock surveys and farm finances as needed. It also conducts the quinquennial Census of Agriculture in conjunction with the Census of Population (to enhance the availability of 0033 947 0715& lang e socio-economic data for this...
Fermentation Technology and Downstream Processing
Yeasts and filamentous fungi were traditionally employed in the production of alcoholic beverages and fermented foods over centuries (Hui and Khachatourians 1995 Rajak 2000). Yeasts (mainly Saccharomyces) have been used worldwide for brewing and baking for thousands of years. Likewise, filamentous fungi have been traditionally used for preparing mold-ripened cheeses (mainly Penicillium spp.) in Europe and soybean-based fermented foods (mainly Aspergillus spp.) in the Orient. On the other hand,...
Managing accuracy
Processes described previously under 'relevance' determine which programmes are going to be carried out, their broad objectives, and the resource parameters within which they must operate. Within those 'programme parameters', the management of accuracy requires particular attention during three key stages of a survey process survey design survey implementation and assessment of survey accuracy. These stages typically take place in a project management environment, outlined in Section 17.4,...
Using registers for agricultural statistics
Making greater use of administrative sources is one way to reduce costs and response burden. Also, by making more efficient and flexible use of existing data, new demands can be met. Integrating different administrative sources and data from sample surveys and censuses will also create new opportunities to improve quality factors such as coverage, consistence and coherence. How should the statistical system be designed so as to allow efficient use of these administrative sources There are...
Matching different registers
Countries with a highly developed system of administrative registers can capture data from the different registers to make comparisons, to validate some data with some others and to integrate them. Of course, very good identification variables and a very sophisticated record linkage system are needed. The main registers used are the annual income verifications in which all employers give information on wages paid to all persons employed, the register of standardized accounts (based on annual...
Registers register systems and methodological issues
A register is a complete list of the objects belonging to a defined object set. The objects in the register are identified by identification variables. This makes it possible to update or match the register against other sources. A system of statistical registers consists of a number of registers that can be linked to each other. To make this exact linkage between records in different registers possible, the registers in the system must contain reference numbers or other identification...
Quality management assessment
Quality management assessment at Statistics Canada encompasses key elements of the Quality Assurance Framework (QAF), a framework for reporting on data quality and the Integrated Metadata Base (Julien and Born, 2006). Within this structure, a systematic assessment of surveys, focusing on the standard set of processes used to carry them out, is crucial. It has several objectives to raise and maintain awareness of quality at the survey design and implementation levels to provide input into...
Hydrochloric Element In Plants
Chapter 1 Experimental Planning 1 Colorimeter and spectrophotometer 6 Chapter 2 Sample Preparation 17 Pre-treatment of Samples and Sample Contamination 17 Milling, Grinding and Homogenization 22 Corrections of weighings in vacuo 26 Incorrect calibration of the balance 26 Absorption of moisture by the sample 27 Absorption of moisture by the sample container 27 Chapter 4 Acid-digestion, Ashing and Extraction Procedures 30 Acid-digestion of plant materials 32 Extraction Procedures - Plant-based...
Diana and Gary Endicott Rainbow Farms
75 head in cow calf operation Tomatoes, grain and hay on 400-acre certified organic Rainbow Farms Coordinator of Good-Natured Family Farms, a group of natural meat and vegetable producers Problem Addressed Raising natural beef and getting a premium. After moving to Kansas to run their own ranch, Diana and Gary Endicott sought a way to produce beef in a way that would reflect their principles and provide them with a premium price. When the Endicotts decided to return to the rural beauty of...
Risk assessment of mycotoxins in animal feed materials
The adverse biological effects exerted by mycotoxins have been subjected to various risk assessment strategies, most of them specifically addressing potential risk for humans. EF-SA has generated a series of evaluations of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, ergot alkaloids and zearalenone, that specifically address adverse animal health effects (EFSA 2004a,b,c, 2005a,b,c). These evaluations were intended to provide the scien tific rationale for setting guidance levels...
Producers Of Biological Chemical Products Mail
Vegetable crops may be produced as both fresh market and processed commodities and can be grown under field conditions or in controlled environments, such as glasshouses or other similar structures. There are numerous fungal diseases that attack a wide range of these vegetable crops (Howard et al. 1994), thereby reducing crop yield and quality. Methods for disease control have included the use of cultural practices to reduce pathogen inoculum and disease incidence, development of resistant...
Protein degradation in the cell
Proteins produced in cells have a finite life depending, in part, on their function in the cell. Some proteins do not fold properly during or after synthesis on the ribo-some, or are unfolded later due to environmental stresses such as heat, and others fail to link up with a partner subunit in a larger protein complex. When this occurs, there is often an exposed area of hydrophobic amino acids on the surface of the protein, which is a signal that the protein is defective. The protein is marked...
An estimate of errors of commission and omission in the IACS data
Errors of commission and omission in the IACS data were estimated in the study carried out by Consorzio ITA (AGRIT 2000) in the Italian regions of Puglia and Sicily for durum wheat in 2000. In both regions, an area frame sample survey based on segments with permanent physical boundaries was done. The ITA estimates of durum wheat cultivation were 435 487.3 ha in Puglia (with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.8 ) and 374 658.6 ha in Sicily (CV 5.9 ). Then, for each segment, the area of durum...
Safety And Quality Control Of Microbial Protein Products
The safety and acceptance of microbial protein products has to be strictly controlled, as in the case of all foods. The concepts underlying the acceptance and safety of novel protein sources including mycoprotein products were developed between 1970 and 1974 by the Protein Advisory Group of the United Nations (PAG), initially based on established toxicological experience. During the 70s the experience was accumulating with the incorporation of an increasing number of preparations of microbial...
Method 52 Cation exchange capacity exchangeable bases and base saturation
Percentage base saturation Cation exchange capacity (CEC) 100 x TEB CEC7 the sum total of exchangeable cations that a soil can adsorb the CEC determined with 1 M ammonium ethanoate (ammonium acetate) buffered at pH 7.0 the sum of the exchangeable cations (Al3+, H+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) extracted by 1 M potassium chloride the sum of the exchangeable 'basic' cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+ and NH4+) acted with 1 M ammonium ethanoate at pH 7.0. Discussion. The colloidal clay and humus soil fractions are...
Challenges and Risks of Participation
By its nature, a process of this type faces several challenges and risks. Although it may be carefully structured, the process represents an attempt to catalyze civil society's own response so that it will 21. In Guyana, consultations were used as an adjunct to the task force approach. After the first draft was completed, it was taken to many towns and villages throughout the country, usually by the Minister of Finance himself, to solicit comments. take on a more active role in national dialogs...
Errors in administrative data
Estimation of parameters has a meaning only if the reference population is well defined while, in most cases, administrative registers are constituted by a series of elements which cannot be considered as belonging to the same population from a statistical viewpoint. For instance, for the IACS the applicants are not necessarily the holders. Therefore, producing statistics about the population of farms requires a very good record linkage process for evaluating coverage problems (for a detailed...
Quality control of the IACS data
Errors of commission could be estimated through quality control of a probabilistic sample of the declarations. Quality control of the IACS data is carried out every year on a sample of declarations however, its aim is not to produce an unbiased estimate of the error of commission, but to detect irregularities, thus the sample selection is not strictly probabilistic. In 2003, at the Italian national level, for ten controlled crops (or groups of crops) the error was 48591 ha, 3.9 of the total...
Policy Mechanisms To Support Farmer Management Of Crop Biodiversity
Policy mechanisms to support farmer management of crop biodiversity in locations that are promising candidates may be classified as either related to (1) the demand for or (2) the supply of genetically diverse or distinct crop varieties (Bellon, 2000 Jarvis et al., 2000). Some illustrative examples are provided below, though many of these initiatives are new and their efficiency in meeting conservation goals given the level of investment required has not yet been assessed using cost-benefit...
Future Biotechnology Policy
Despite the economic crisis of 1997, biotechnology remains a high priority in Indonesia, although the focus and direction have been adjusted to the current economic conditions. The first priority is to apply existing biotechnologies for product(s) in response to the needs of the people, especially in food production, traditional medicine, and value-added agricultural products for import substitution and export. The second priority is strategic research in response to the rapid development of...
Martin Gilmour and Marianne Lindblom on behalf of the Working Group on Ochratoxin A in cocoa
The presence of ochratoxin A in cocoa products has been reported. This chapter describes work by the European chocolate and cocoa industry and trade to determine where ochratoxin A enters the cocoa supply chain and how to minimize it. Ochratoxin A can be found in beans from most producing countries. Ochratoxin A is produced in the beans in the producing countries and toxin levels do not seem to increase during shipping or during storage in consuming countries. Och-ratoxin A levels increase at...
Applications of Biotechnology for Poverty Reduction and Food Security
Breakthroughs in modern science have led to rapid progress in understanding the genetic basis of living organisms and the ability to use that understanding to develop new products and processes useful in human and animal health, food and agriculture and the environment. The adoption of modern biotechnology is most advanced in human health, where many new drugs, diagnostics and vaccines are based on the use of new biotechnology. The applications developed from the new methods in biotechnology...
Ion Exchange
Ion exchange is a process in which ions of a particular species in solution are replaced by ions with a similar charge but of different species attached to an insoluble resin. In essence, ion exchange is a sorption process and can also be considered a reversible chemical reaction. The common appli cations of ion exchange are water softening (removal of hardness ions such as CA2+ and Mg2+) and nitrate removal in advanced wastewater treatment operations. These ion exchange resins are either...
David and Cynthia Major Major Farm
Seasonal, 200-head sheep dairy that helps support Vermont Shepherd specialty cheese Wool and lamb for ethnic markets, maple syrup Problem Addressed Low profits. Although the Majors always wanted to go into sheep farming, a poor economy and stiff market competition for wool and lamb in the 1980s, when they were just starting out, encouraged them to explore niche markets for sheep products. In 1988, they began milking sheep to make specialty cheeses. At that time, they were two of only a handful...
Elizabeth Henderson Peacework Organic Farm
70 crops (vegetables, herbs, flowers, melons and small fruit) raised organically on 18 acres Community supported agriculture (CSA) farm with 280 member families. Problem Addressed Need for a new farm location. In 1998, nearly 20 years after leaving a university professorship to farm, Elizabeth Henderson had to begin anew. For years, Henderson had farmed as a partner at Rose Valley Farm, a diversified, organic operation. Then the personal and professional partnership under which Henderson had...
Gps mapping project and connection to agricultural geophysics
Modern geophysics uses a variety of sensors and techniques for exploration, probing, and mapping, in applications such as mining petroleum exploration, environmental studies, engineering investigations, and agricultural field assessments. The geophysical techniques presently used most often for agricultural purposes include resistivity, electromagnetic induction, and ground-penetrating radar. These three geophysical methods are being employed for soil mapping of salinity, water content, and...
Major Constraints And Solutions In Commercialization Of Am Biofertilizer
Perhaps the most important deterrent to the commercial use of mycorrhizal fungi globally is the lack of large-scale multi-location field trials in a variety of agricultural soils and an absence of general lack of awareness among the users. Without such an activity it will be difficult to establish a market for mycorrhizal inoculum. Without a market there is little incentive for a commercial setup to initiate the production of inoculum on a commercial scale, and only large-scale production will...
Agricultural Engineering References
Updated evapotranspiration and crop water requirement definitions. Crop Water Requirements, eds. Perrier, A., and C. Riou, pp. 885-887. Paris INRA. 2. Jensen, M. E., R. D. Burman, and R. G. Allen (eds.). 1990. Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practices No. 70, New York. 3. Doorenbos, J., and W. O. Pruitt. 1975. Guidelines for Predicting Crop Water Requirements, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 24, Rome FAO. 4....
The Segura catchment
This section is mainly taken from an invited paper presented by Llamas and P rez Picazo in the 2001 Stockholm World Water Week. The term 'hydrosolidarity' has been coined mainly by professors Falkenmark and Lundquist who were the organizers of this water week. The Segura catchment is located in south-eastern Spain. Its main features are (i) surface area 19,000 km2 (ii) average annual precipitation 400 mm, ranging from 800 mm in the headwater to 200 mm in the coastal plain (iii) annual potential...
Definition of Reference Evapotranspiration
The primary purpose for developing ET0 equations is to estimate a reference ET by which a crop coefficient is multiplied to obtain an estimate of crop ET. In many instances, the ET0 equation has represented a hypothetical living crop reference in order to provide for a complete record of ET0 during the development of crop coefficients and during calibration or analysis of other ET equations. Wright and Jensen 53 and Wright 71 utilized a hypothetical alfalfa ET0 Jensen 54 and Jensen et al. 2...
Observability Of Center Pivot Irrigation
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1995. Irrigation in Africa in Figures. FAO Water Reports 7. Rome FAO. 2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1997. Irrigation in the Near East Region in Figures. FAO Water Reports 9. Rome FAO. 3. Irrigation Association. 1995. Farm and ranch survey verifies irrigation efficiency. Irrig. Bus. Tech. III 6 18-22. 4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1998. Irrigation in Countries of the Former...
The Hayes Family Sap Bush Hollow Farm
Diversified, pasture-based livestock operation on 160 owned and 30 rented acres On-farm retail sales, farmers market Problem Addressed Focus on production instead of marketing. Jim and Adele Hayes have long known grass-based farming can be a practical, environmentally sound and profitable approach to raising animals. However, when Adele added her brand of creative direct marketing, their livestock operation truly took off. For most of the Hayes' 25 years at Sap Bush Hollow, Jim and Adele...
Acknowledgements
The following contributions were first presented at a symposium - Seeds of Change Intellectual Property Protection for Agricultural Biotechnology - held at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. I would like to gratefully acknowledge the following sponsors for supporting both the symposium and the creation of this volume College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences College of Law European Union Center Institute of Government and Public Affairs and National Soybean...
Online Intellectural Property Exchanges
In their recent book on markets for technology, Arora, Fosfuri, and Gambardella (2004) explore the key benefits of markets for technology and the primary reasons that such markets fail to form. In light of their arguments, promising development aimed at solving the market failures caused by information failures and high transaction costs may be found in the institution of online intellectual property exchanges. Beginning in 1999, a number of entrepreneurial startup ventures emerged on the...
Hydrologic Cycle
Climatological concerns involve more than the effects of pressure and air masses on the weather. The conservation of soil and water is based on an understanding of the hydrologic cycle. Figure 16.4 illustrates the movement of water in, on, and above the earth. The earth is a closed system in which all of the water circulates from one form to another. A study of the cycle can begin at any point, but we will start with precipitation. Precipitation is caused by the condensation of water vapor in...
Interrow cultivators shovels and sweeps rolling cultivators and rotary tillers
Tools designed to work between crop rows can dig moderately deeply typically 5 to 10 cm without harming the crop. Consequently, complete destruction of even large weeds is often possible during inter-row cultivation. However, unless precautions are taken, vigorous soil movement can bury young crop plants, and deep digging can damage the roots of larger crops. To avoid crop damage, these tools usually work only 50 to 70 of the soil surface, leaving weeds in the crop row unharmed. However,...
Floating Aquatic Plant Systems
Aquatic plant systems are engineered and constructed systems that use aquatic plants in the treatment of industrial or domestic wastewater. They are designed to achieve a specific wastewater treatment goal. Aquatic plant systems can be divided into two categories Systems with floating aquatic plants such as water hyacinth, duckweed, Systems with submerged aquatic plants such as waterweed, water milfoil, and watercress The use of aquaculture as a means of treating wastewater involves both...
Fitting A Ripsaw
The shape of ripsaw teeth is shown in Figures 51, 52, and' 53. The front or cutting faces of the teeth are at right angles to a line along the points of the teeth. This may be tested with a square, as shown in Figure 53. A triangular file in the correct position between two teeth is shown at A. It will be noted that the side of the file which is against the front of a tooth is held plumb. By holding one side of the file plumb and by pressing the file down into the gullet, the back of the tooth...
Method 54 Determination of fulvic and humic acids
Microorganisms break down plant and animal residues in the soil to form a stable dark brown organic material called humus. It is composed of a mixture of large complex molecules (molar masses 20,000-100,000 g mol-1). Lignin-type precursors result in benzene ring (aromatic) compounds substituted with hydroxyl ( OH), methoxyl ( OCH3) and carboxyl ( COOH) groups such as gallic and vanillic acids. These react by oxidation and or polymerization to form dark brown substances (Flaig, 1997) typical of...
Stages in Remote Sensing
Emission of electromagnetic radiation, or EMR (sun self- emission) Transmission of energy from the source to the surface of the earth, as well as absorption and scattering Interaction of EMR with the earth's surface reflection and emission Transmission of energy from the surface to the remote sensor Figure 1 Remote Sensing process Data transmission, processing and analysis Forest Grass Bare Soil Paved Built-up Area Water Road Figure 1 Remote Sensing process Data transmission, processing and...
Toxic Effects of Plant Growth Regulators
Details of the effects of some representative PGRs on various species, including humans, are given in Table 15.1. If properly used, PGRs have an excellent safety record. However, if the wrong concentration is used, if safety equipment is not properly used, or if the application times are not correct, poisoning can occur in plants, animals, and humans. A good example is hydrogen cyanamide. This PGR is considered very effective and economical in assuring uniform bud break in crops including...
Wheel and Axle
A wheel and axle behave as a continuous lever. The center of the axle corresponds to the fulcrum. A wheel and axle has a mechanical advantage if the radius of the wheel is the applied arm and the radius of the axle is the resultant arm. It does not have a mechanical advantage when the wheel radius is the resultant arm and the axle radius is the applied arm, Figure 4.11. The equation for determining the mechanical advantage is the same as the equation used for the three classes of levers....
Natural Steroid Hormones
Livsetsock wastes can be termed as natural agricultural waste and can act as potential sources of EDCs (Figure 1) to the environment. Compounds such as E2, its metabolites E1 and estriol (E3), and male androgen testosterone and its derivative androstenedione are excreted by animals of all species. These hormones are present in faeces and or urine and reach the environment through the release of animal wastes to receiving waters, animal waste application onto land, or by direct excretal input...
Wire Fence Corn Crib
In the drawing is shown a handy, inexpensive corn crib, which possesses several advantages not possessed by the ordinary slat corn crib. It is made on 4 x 4-inch posts, with pans at their tops, to prevent rats from climbing in. The sills are 4 x 4-inch, the scantlings 2x4, and 2 feet apart. The fencing is nailed to these on all sides, and the door frame is similarly covered. The roof is made wide, so as to shed all possible water. The height, length and width may suit the farmer's convenience....
Land Treatment Systems
Land application of wastewater is perhaps the oldest method for disposal and treatment of wastewaters. Early systems were used in England as Land Farms, which received untreated wastewater and night soil from nearby communities. Today, land application systems have included application to edible and nonedible crops, to rangelands, to forests and wood plantations, to recreational areas including parks and golf courses, and to disturbed lands such as mine spoil sites. Land application of...
Protein Structure
The structures that proteins can assume following their synthesis in the cell can be divided into four categories primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The amino acid sequence of a protein (primary structure) determines the capacity of a protein to fold into specific three-dimensional conformations that give the protein its unique structural and functional properties. Primary structure also includes cova-lently interconnected bonds between the sulfhydryl groups of cysteine molecules to...
Stitching Horse Drawings
Reduce all pieces to finished dimensions. 2. Draw a centerline lengthwise of the seat piece and also lines across the stock 5*4 from each end, and at the intersection of lines swing arcs with a 5y4 radius. 3. With the compass set at 9 swing an arc at each side tangent to the arcs at each end. 4. Remove stock to line with a turning saw, keyhole saw, or by making saw kerfs to the line and removing the stock with the draw shave. The edge may be smoothed with a wood file. 5. The stock on the upper...
Origins of modern freshwater prawn culture
Freshwater prawns have been reared in captivity, either through introducing wild-caught juveniles or by trapping them, along with other crustaceans (e.g. Penaeus spp. and Metapenaeus spp.) and fish, in tidal ponds and paddy fields, for example in the Indian sub-continent and Malaysia (Wickins 1976), from time immemorial. However, modern aquaculture of this species has its origins in the early 1960s. Ling & Costello (1979) and Ling (1977) recalled that experiments on the rearing of prawn...
The overhand knot Fig 324 is used sometimes as an end knot in a rope but more frequently as a part of other knots and
1 For discussion of the crown knot and the wall knot, see Arts. 381 and 3S3, respectively. 1. First make a wall knot, leaving it loosely constructed (see Fig. 323A). 2. Then pass end 1 up through loop a ahead of it end 2 up through loop 6 and end 3 up through loop c. 3. Draw the strands up even and tight. 386. The fisherman's knot (fig. 325) is used for joining silk lines or guts on fish tackle. It may be used also for tying two ropes together. It is made by placing the two ends to be joined...
Rotating Biological Contactor RBC
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) are used in the treatment of wastewater as a secondary treatment process. The RBC process involves allowing wastewater to come in contact with a biological medium in order to remove contaminants in sewage before discharge of the treated wastewater to the environment, usually a river. The construction of an RBC consists of a series of plastic discs, the media, mounted on a driven shaft that is contained in a tank or trough. Commonly used plastics for the...
Agamospermy
Agamospermy is the production of seed without fertilization (i.e. the fusion of gametes - sperm and ovum). There are three main types of agamospermy (diplospory, apospory and adventitious embryony) but there are numerous and often complex variations (Fig. 5.2). Normally, meiosis occurs and the gamete (ovum) contains one copy of all chromosomes, i.e. the ovum is 'haploid'. After being fertilized by sperm, the seed will have the normal number of copies of chromosomes (i.e. it will be...
Farm Woodwork And Carpentry
Although there is an increase in the amount, of steel and other metals used in farm machinerjr and equipment, there will always be a need for the farmer to make repairs and construct appliances involving the use of wood. It is a simple matter to become reasonably proficient in the use of woodworking tools, bccause woodworking, like most other kinds of mechanical work, is based upon a comparatively few fundamental tool processes or operations, like sawing and planing. Once these are mastered,...
Effects on the Environment
The most direct desired effect of perennial polyculture farming is to address many of the environmental problems that are evident in today's annual monoculture approach. These include soil erosion and degradation, water depletion, and water contamination from fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. In thinking about replacing current annual, monoculture farming with perennial polyculture farming, it is important to understand what areas of the world are currently under cultivation. Figure 2...
Energy Production from Agricultural Waste
Although it is clear from above discussion that ethanol production through fermentative methods from crops and other renewable biomass sources has received much attention recently, crop-based feed-stocks are subject to seasonal fluctuations in supply, ultimately limiting ethanol generation (Kasper et al. 2001). The energy cost in harvesting these feedstocks (e.g., corn stubble) as well as their lost value as soil amendments can make ethanol production costly for farmers (Pimental, 1992). Animal...
Ppnc And Yarmukian Ritual And Social Structure
The PPNC period at 'Ain Ghazal introduces several major departures from PPNB ritual traditions, among several other sociocultural aspects (Rollefson 1990b Rollefson and Kohler-Rollefson 1993).The most obvious of these is the suspension of decapitation of burials and its implications for public and private expression of ancestor veneration. Two isolated skulls have been found in PPNC contexts (one context should be described as transitional between the LPPNB and PPNC), although no decapitated...
Ritual and Social Structure at Neolithic Ain Ghazal
A fascination with the spirit world has drawn the attention of scholars and laymen alike for centuries, if not millennia. The draw is especially strong with prehistoric societies, since the absence of written records leaves the field of interpretation temptingly wide open. In the decades after the exciting finds from Jericho in the 1930s (e.g.,Garstang and Garstang 1948) and 1950s (Kenyon 1970) and the dramatic evidence from atal Huyuk in the 1960s (Mellaart, 1967), a coherent picture of the...
Secondary Mortuary Rituals And Community Identity
A number of ethnographic and archaeological studies have illustrated how broader beliefs and worldviews are expressed in secondary mortuary practices and often reflect aspects of ancestor worship and responsibility to the deceased (see Crocker 1977 Hertz 1960 Kan 1989 Kuijt 1996 Lopatin 1960 Metcalf and Huntington 1991 Weiner 1976). Within this paper secondary mortuary practice is defined as a social act focused on the regular and socially sanctioned removal of objects, pieces, or entire...
Prepottery Neolithic C Period Ppnc
Although more than 800 m2 of PPNC deposits have been exposed at 'Ain Ghazal, they have been sampled deeply only for ca. 220 m2 in the South and North Fields. Despite the small sample for the LPPNB, there are clear differences in ritual activity in the first half of the eighth millennium bp. Only a handful of figurines have been recovered from PPNC contexts, including at least eight humans, four identifiable animals (one each of cattle, sheep, goat, and equid all but the last were domesticated...
Mortuary Ritual Social Differentiation and Settlement Systems
While providing explorations of a range of material realms of the Neolithic, including mortuary practices, ritual, architectural systems, and settlement patterns, the chapters in this section share a common interest examining the possible ways in which different forms of material culture reflect growing social differentiation and the social use of ritual practices in Pre-Pottery Neolithic contexts. Traditional arguments for the emergence of social differentiation in the Neolithic have often...
Mppnb And Lppnb Ritual And Social Structure
The wealth of MPPNB material that was associated with ritual can be seen as a maintenance of earlier traditions in the Levant as well as an ongoing elaboration associated with a rapidly growing population during the late ninth and early eighth millennia. The figurines, burials, treated skulls, and plaster statuary, taken altogether, argue for a social order more complex than a simple egalitarian system of farmers. I propose that ritual behavior during this time occurred on at least three...
Early Sedentism in the Near East
Anna Belfer-Cohen AND Ofer Bar-Yosef The emergence of sedentary communities in the Near East, as reflected in bioarchaeological data sets, occurred between 13,000and 10,000years ago. The process involved two major archaeological entities, the Natufian and the earliest Neolithic period, termed Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA). These were followed by the cultural entities of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period (PPNB) with extensive evidence for sedentary village communities as well as domesticates...
Magnetometry Methods
8.1.1 Magnetometry Method Introduction Magnetometry is a passive remote sensing method that records the magnitude of Earth's local magnetic field at a sensor location. The Earth's overall magnetic field is a dipole field with the North Magnetic Pole and the South Magnetic Pole acting much like the ends of a bar magnet. There are secondary regional and local variations to the primary dipole field caused by soils and objects with different magnetic properties located above, on, or beneath the...
B Beef waste management systems
Beef brood cows and the calves less than a year old are usually held on pastures or range. The calves are then finished in confined feeding facilities. While the animals are on pastures, their waste should not become a resource concern if the stocking rates are not excessive and the grazing is evenly distributed. To prevent waste from accumulating in feeding, watering, and shade areas, the feeding facilities can be moved, the number of watering facilities can be increased, and the livestock can...
Types of Engines
The two primary categories of engines are the spark ignition (Otto-cycle) and the compression ignition (Diesel-cycle). In the spark ignition engine, the fuel is metered and introduced into the engine by either a carburetor or an injection system, Figure 5.5. When a carburetor is used, the fuel is metered by jets and orifices in the carburetor and added to the air as it flows through the venturi of the carburetor. Mixing occurs as the fuel-air mixture moves through the intake system and into the...
How To Germinate Old Cannabis Seeds
We can only expect to use the old seeds with the cost of seeds floating above potheads' reach. However, improper or long-term storage of seeds can cause infertility - and they cannot germinate. However, how do we let those old cannabis seeds come to life again This guide will help us convert the relics into a sea of green sections of robust cannabis fields Sorting Old Cannabis SeedsThe first step in any farming process is to make sure we have the right seeds, and the same goes for weeds. When...
Kc for Initial Stage for Annual Crops
ET during the initial stage for annual crops is predominately in the form of evaporation. Therefore, accurate estimates for Kcini must consider the frequency that the soil surface is wetted during the initial period. Numerical procedures to compute Kcini are given below. Graphical procedures are presented in Doorenbos and Pruitt 55 and in Allen etal. 91 . Evaporation from bare soil, Es, can be characterized as occurring in two distinct stages 96,97 . Stage 1 is termed the energy-limited stage....
Nonpathogenic Fungi As Biocontrol Agents of Seedling Root Crown and Vascular Wilt Diseases
Nonpathogenic and hypovirulent strains of fungi that are closely related taxonomically to plant pathogenic species have been reported to provide biological control of a number of pathogens, including species of Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, and Pythium. Competition by nonpathogenic strains for host plant nutrients, colonization of roots and infection sites to preclude the pathogen, parasitism of pathogen hyphae, and induction of host plant resistance are mechanisms through which these nonpathogenic...
Sexual Reproduction
Benefits of sexual reproduction relate to increased fitness - specifically, this includes the production of genetically variable offspring (often expressed as hybrid vigour) that allows at least some offspring to survive in a heterogeneous environment. Costs of sexual reproduction include disrupting well-adapted genotypes and the cost of producing reproductive structures. Plants can have complex combinations of gender expression for example, they can be exclusively male or female, or both male...
Substrate Compost Preparation
Substrate preparation technique for the button mushroom has witnessed evolutionary changes over the years, from the long-method of composting to the current environment-friendly indoor composting. However, the intermediate short-method of composting, is still the most popular method all over the world. Long method of composting is the oldest method and now exists only in few pockets of the world mainly because of poor productivity, proneness to attack by the competitors, and also due to more...
Strategies and the Agricultural Policy Framework
2.1 Strategies and Policies 15 2.1.1 Sectoral Strategies 15 2.1.2 Why Agricultural Policy 17 2.2 The Nature of Agricultural Policy Instruments 19 2.2.1 Types of Agricultural Policies 19 2.2.2 A Taxonomy of Agricultural Policies 21 2.2.3 Policies, Programs and Projects 21 2.3 Objectives of Agricultural Policy 22 2.3.1 National and Sectoral Objectives 22 2.3.2 Principles of Agricultural Policy 23 2.4 The Role of Government 25 2.5 Implementation of Strategies and Policies 30 Discussion Points for...
Agricultural Engineering Basic Machines Lever
A lever is a rigid bar, straight or curved, capable of being rotated around a fixed point (fulcrum). When a fulcrum and a bar are used, two different forces exist, the applied force (Fa) and the resultant force (Fr). The forces, bar, and fulcrum can be used in three ways, called classes, Figure 4.1. FIGURE 4.1. Three classes of levers. FIGURE 4.1. Three classes of levers. The principle of levers can be expressed mathematically as Force Arm Force Arm V Applied V Applied Resultant Resultant Class...
Why Agricultural Policy
Sometimes, macroeconomists and government officials question the raison d'etre of agricultural policy. It is argued that the basic requirements for a successful economic transition or development experience are correct macroeconomic policy, privatization of government assets to the maximum extent, and the elimination of regulatory barriers and other counterproductive government interventions. According to this viewpoint, there is no need for sectoral policy per se, once markets are freed up and...
And An Emery Grinder
Slowly turned backward one revolution. The motor is stopped, and the points of the teeth examined. If not all points have been touched, the bolt through the angle iron is given a turn, thus causing the 1 -in. member to slide on the lower member and the saw forced closer to the grinder. The truing process is thus continued until the shortest tooth is touched. Saws from 8 to 40 in. in diameter may be trued up with the jig. It may also be used to support the saw while gumming it. Circular saws...
Croesus septentrionalis L Hazel sawfly
This generally common sawfly attacks a wide range of deciduous trees and shrubs (including Alnus, Betula and Corylus). The larvae often cause extensive damage to young ornamentals and can rapidly defoliate the branches they are also minor pests in cob nut, filbert and hazel plantations. Fig. 332 Adult hazel sawfly, Croesus septentrionalis (x4). Fig. 332 Adult hazel sawfly, Croesus septentrionalis (x4). over the head (a posture common to many species of sawfly larvae). Fully fed larvae enter the...
Application of Forest Canopy Density Map derived from FCD Model
Forest canopy density maps derived from FCD Mapper semi-expert system can be used for various purposes. Practical applications of FCD map have been demonstrated by taking two important forestry applications in the present study. In the first case, FCD maps derived from two data sets with an interval of 6 years i.e., 1996 and 2002 have been used for the detection of change in Sal (Shorea robusta) forest canopy density. Change detection assessment of this time interval shows that there is...
Tapping Threads in a Hole or NutIf a threaded hole is to be
Made in a piece of metal, a hole of suitable size must first be drilled. Table V. Tap-drill Sizes* U.8.8. Threads ' S.A.E. Threads Table V. Tap-drill Sizes* U.8.8. Threads ' S.A.E. Threads Fig. 209. The die should be kepi well lubricated with lard oil or a threading oil. makes the die turn easier, cut smoother threads, and hist longer. Fig. 209. The die should be kepi well lubricated with lard oil or a threading oil. makes the die turn easier, cut smoother threads, and hist longer. Fig. 210....
The Possible Impact of Future Climate Changes on the Occurrence of Droughts
For predicting the effect of droughts on agriculture in a given region, one needs to have a completely reliable and detailed climatic forecast for that Figure 34.3 Annual variability in wheat yields in some European countries bold solid lines are the trends. Figure 34.3 Annual variability in wheat yields in some European countries bold solid lines are the trends. region and a completely adequate yield model. If these two requirements are satisfied, the technique of agroclimatic analysis can be...